Bottlerocket is a Linux-based operating system optimized for hosting containers. At my work, we migrated from Amazon Linux to Bottlerocket and experienced the following benefits: Developer-friendly: Easy to understand and fast to build. RPM spec and configuration TOML files are all you need. Every developer can build a …

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I recently dealt with a server livelock issue caused by memory page thrashing. This post refreshes the Linux memory basics I found useful for debugging the issue. Much of the content is from Chapter 7 of Systems Performance: Enterprise and the Cloud. Virtual Memory Virtual memory is an abstraction that provides each …

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During testing, we encountered a rare scenario when launching EC2 instances with multiple ENIs: the primary ENI (device index 0) does not serve default network traffic. This occurs in approximately 1 out of 10,000 launches (0.01%). For example, when configuring two ENIs on an instance—ENI-0 (deviceIndex=0) from …

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Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a mandatory access control (MAC) system that enhances Linux security. "Mandatory" means access control is strictly enforced by predefined policy rules—users and processes cannot modify these rules at will, ensuring security is not left to individual discretion. SELinux is …

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Go is known for its backward compatibility, simplicity, and six-month release cycle. But that can sometimes lead to code that works yet isn't as modern as it could be. This post is a living document where I note modern Go idioms I've used to improve clarity and maintainability. Use GOOS and GOARCH in file names for …

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Shell scripts are infamous for security issues and surprising behavior, so when possible, it's better to avoid using shell. For instance, we built a container platform using the Bottlerocket OS, and we didn't even install a shell. If someone needs to run a shell, it must be run inside a container. That said, shell is …

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I recently worked on getting amazon-ssm-agent to run inside containers on Bottlerocket. During that process, I ran into a TLS issue connecting to amazonaws.com. The root cause turned out be interesting and we'll walk through it in this post. Running amazon-ssm-agent in a container: why and how? To enable sessions …

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A recent faulty release disrupted service for some customers. The root cause was a concurrency bug involving x/sync/errgroup and context cancellation. This post shares three practices we learned from the incident. These practices will help us catch similar issues during code review or alert us to problems in …

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We've been using journald-to-cwl to ship journal logs from EC2 instances to CloudWatch Logs. It is lightweight and reliable. However, we recently started receiving false positive alarms, which became annoying. This blog covers the changes we made and the key lesson learned: panicking on expected errors in Go is …

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This week, I needed to install the Amazon SSM Agent and was surprised to find that GPG (GNU Privacy Guard) was the only way to verify the download. I had assumed that software downloads verification had largely transitioned to PKI (Public Key Infrastructure). This short post is a refresh on GPG. OpenPGP is an open …

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